Anagene Inc.

Anagene is a biotechnology firm started by Mark Hansen and Harold Bergman in 1993. Hansen and Bergman planned to combine microelectronics and molecular biology to develop fruits that would have broad commercialized applications in genomics and other fields. Anagenes mission was to facilitate breakthrough genetic analysis. The comp each went public in the year 1998 and raised $42. 9 million. The companys core product was a cartridge which had to be analyzed with a Anagene-designed workstation. Management anticipated a long string of cartridge gross revenue adjacent the sale of each Anagene workstation. Product InformationWORKSTATION Anagenes first major product was a proprietary platform technology The Anagene Molecular Biology Workstation. This include a loader (which could load four cartridges at a time), a reader (which read and analyzed one cartridge at a time) and a disposable cartridge that contained the companys proprietary microchip. The product was priced at $160,000 eac h workstation shipped with four cartridges. CARTRIDGES Anagene also sold disposable cartridges priced at $150 each. separately cartridge contained an electronic chip that held test sites laid out in a geometric grid cal lead an array.Cartridges could perform up to 99 tests on any single sample. As the company sold more workstations, it expected the have for its cartridges to increase rapidly. MANUFACTURING Anagenes focal point decided to outsource the production of workstations to Hitachi. Hitachi and Anagene would work in concert to cut speak tos through value engineering thereby enabling the transfer price to continually decrease. Initially, the final testing would be performed at Anagenes facilities. As the company grew, this activity would also be outsourced to Hitachi.Anagene built its own manufacturing facility for the cartridges in order to capture the profits from the very high forecasted sales of its product. STANDARD COSTING SYSTEM AT ANAGENE DURING 2000 Anagenes cost formation calculated standard costs once a year. The process started by estimating the budgeted variable quantity costs per unit materials, shoot for labor, outside processing (several manufacturing steps had been outsourced), and scrap. Plant level overhead costs were allocated among cartridge manufacturing, instrument manufacturing, and R&D.These assignments were determined by the manufacturing department. The cost driver that was used to obtain overhead cost per unit was budgeted production volume. Machines used in the production process were depute to variant manufacturing steps which allowed for easy allocation of depreciation as an overhead expense. The standard cost per cartridge was then calculated by adding up the direct material, direct labor and overhead costs. Some other costs associated with the sale of cartridges included the unit cost of royalties and estimated returns expense.These standard costs were used for financial reporting purposes, assessing product co sts and profitability. ISSUES Because of the infancy of the company and the genomics market, it was difficult for Anagenes management to correctly forecast the companys future sales volumes and thereby their gross margins. This led to frequent revisions to previously submitted estimates. In one instance, the company revised its estimate for the FY2001 that showed standard costs increasing by 40% and gross margins dropping from 65% to 45%.One of the main reasons identified for this reduction in margins is the increase in overhead costs due to reduction in budgeted volume. In the beforehand(predicate) quarters, sales are difficult to forecast and the company has experienced fluctuating production volumes and unpredictable gross margins, which has up deal the board of directors. The purpose of the discipline pick up is to determine a new costing approach based on capacity. With large amounts of unused capacity, the decision of how to apply capacity costs is critical to the companys management and its reporting strategy with analysts.DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITIES Essentially, there are four different kinds of capacity. Theoretical Capacity -This is the volume of activity that could be attained under type operating conditions, with minimum allowance for inefficiency. It is the largest volume of output possible. Practical Capacity It is the highest activity level at which the factory can operate with an acceptable academic degree of efficiency, taking into consideration unavoidable losses of productive time (i. e. , vacations, holidays, and repairs to equipment).Normal Capacity-It is the average level of operating activity that is sufficient to fill the demand for the companys products or services for a span of several years, taking into consideration seasonal and cyclical demands and increasing or decreasing trends in demand. Master-Budget Capacity - It is equal to normal capacity, except it is a short-run level based on demand, it minimizes under- or over a pplied overhead but does not provide a consistent basis for assigning overhead cost.Per-unit overhead will fluctuate because of short-term changes in the expected level of output. Currently, Anagene is using this method. THE GAME PLAN strategical cost management dictates the use of practical capacity of resources rather than budgeted manufacturing volumes when calculating standard costs. If forecasted activity levels are used to calculate cost driver rates, a death spiral may launch in an organization. That is if the cost base (the overhead expense) is fixed, then any decrease in the activity level (the cost driver) will lead to a higher overhead cost per unit.This is a simple arithmetic response to a decrease in the denominator with an unchanged numerator. use this new high cost driver rate to compute costs will lead to lower gross margins. This may lead the company to set higher prices. These high prices may cause product demand to lower leading to lower activity rates which are again fed into the system causing the cost driver to go up. This creates a vicious cycle. The cost driver rate should reflect the underlying efficiency of the process which is measured reveal by recognizing the capacity of resources being supplied.Anagene should use practical capacity which could be estimated by subtracting from the theoretical capacity the expected time required for normal maintenance, repairs, startups, and shutdowns. The case provides numbers on equipment depreciation, machine capacity, and manufacturing overhead to allow calculations for different overhead rates based on assumptions about how the plants capacity costs should be assigned to production quantities.